Markets are efficient.  ...nuff said...just kidding!

Obviously know constant and non-constant growth models for stock.  I will be placing some notes here soon.

For bonds and other fixed income investments I have provided some notes.

For an explanation of what a stock index is click here.

Historical risk and return numbers are available. This includes the returns on stocks, bonds, and treasury securities from 1926-1996.  Additionally, these numbers were used in this Spreadsheet that shows the importance of allowing your money to compound over many periods as well as the importance of earning a high return.